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Criticism of Islamism concerns critique of those beliefs or notions ascribed to Islamism or Islamist movements. Such criticisms focus on (among other issues) the role of Islam in legislation, the relationship between Islamism and freedom of expression and the rights of women and minorities. Among those authors and scholars who have criticized Islamism, or some element of it, are Olivier Roy,〔Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', (1994)〕 Joseph E. B. Lumbard, Maajid Nawaz, Reza Aslan,〔Aslan, Reza, ''No God But God : The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam'', Random House, 2005〕 Abdelwahab Meddeb,〔Meddeb, Abelwahab (2003). The Malady of Islam. Basic Books〕 Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi,〔Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn ed., ''Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy'', Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998) 〕 Gilles Kepel,〔Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2002〕 Matthias Küntzel,〔"Jihad and Jew Hatred." ''Voices on Antisemitism''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 17 July 2008. Web. 19 August 2013. Transcript.〕 and Khaled Abu al-Fadl.〔Abu al-Fadl, Khaled, ''Great Theft : wrestling Islam from the extremists'', New York, NY : HarperSanFrancisco, c2005 〕 ==Khawarij== (詳細はKharijites. From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Another battle with Islam’s ‘true believers’ )〕〔http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criticism of Islamism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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